Everything about Phytophthora totally explained
Phytophthora (from
Greek phytón, “plant” and phthorá, “destruction, destruction”; “the plant-destroyer”) is a
genus of plant-damaging
Protisten of the
Oomycetes (
water molds).
Heinrich Anton de Bary described it for the first time in 1875.
Pathogens
Phytophthoras are mostly pathogens of
dicotyledons, and are relatively host-specific parasites. Many species of
Phytophthora are
plant pathogens of considerable economic importance.
Phytophthora infestans was the infective agent of the potato blight that caused the
Great Irish Famine (1845-1849). Plant diseases caused by this genus are difficult to control chemically, thus resistant
cultivars are grown as a management strategy. Research beginning in the 1990s has placed some of the responsibility for European forest die-back on the activity of imported Asian
Phytophthoras.
Other important
Phytophthora diseases are:
- Phytophthora alni – causes alder root rot
- Phytophthora cactorum – causes rhododendron root rot affecting rhododendrons, azaleas and causes bleeding canker in hardwood trees
- Phytophthora cinnamomi - causes cinnamon root rot affecting woody ornamentals including arborvitae, azalea, Chamaecyparis, dogwood, forsythia, Fraser fir, hemlock, Japanese holly, juniper, Pieris, rhododendron, Taxus, white pine, and American chestnut
- Phytophthora fragariae - causes red root rot affecting strawberries
- Phytophthora palmivora - causes fruit rot in coconuts and betel nuts
- Phytophthora ramorum – infects over 60 plant genera and over 100 host species - causes Sudden Oak Death
- Phytophthora quercina – causes oak death
- Phytophthora sojae - causes soybean root rot
Fungi resemblance
Phytophthora is sometimes referred to as a
fungal-like organism but it's classified under a different kingdom altogether:
Stramenopila (previously named
Chromista). This is a good example of
convergent evolution:
Phytophthora is morphologically very similar to true Fungi yet its evolutionary history is quite distinct. In contrast to Fungi, stramenopiles are more closely related to plants than animals. Whereas Fungal cell walls are made primarily of
chitin, stramenopile cell walls are constructed mostly of
cellulose. Ploidy levels are different between these two kingdoms as are biochemical pathways.
Biology
Phytophthoras may reproduce sexually or asexually. In many species, sexual structures have never been observed, or have only been observed in laboratory matings. In homothallic species, sexual structures occur in single culture. Heterothallic species have mating strains, designated as A1 and A2. When mated, antheridia introduce gametes into oogonia, either by the oogonium passing through the antheridium (amphigyny) or by the antheridium attaching to the proximal (lower) half of the oogonium (paragyny), and the union producing oospores. Like animals, but not like most true Fungi, meiosis is gametic, and somatic nuclei are diploid.
Asexual (mitotic) spore types are chlamydospores, and sporangia which produce zoospores. Chlamydospores are usually spherical and pigmented, and may have a thickened cell wall to aid in its role as a survival structure. Sporangia may be retained by the subtending hyphae (non-caducous) or be shed readily by wind or water tension (caducous) acting as dispersal structures. Also, sporangia may release zoospores, which have two unlike flagella which they use to swim towards a host plant.
Further Information
Get more info on 'Phytophthora'.
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